Multi-level coding set partitioning for non-linearity reduction

ABSTRACT

Various aspects of the present disclosure generally relate to wireless communication. In some aspects, a mobile station may obtain a multi-level coding (MLC) configuration to be applied to a quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) constellation set comprising a plurality of constellation symbols and having a non-linearity that is based at least in part on a phase noise or a power amplification associated with the plurality of constellation symbols. The mobile station may process the QAM constellation set, using MLC set partitioning in accordance with the MLC configuration, based at least in part on the phase noise or the power amplification associated with the plurality of constellation symbols of the QAM constellation set. Numerous other aspects are described.

FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE

Aspects of the present disclosure generally relate to wireless communication and to techniques and apparatuses for multi-level coding set partitioning for non-linearity reduction.

BACKGROUND

Wireless communication systems are widely deployed to provide various telecommunication services such as telephony, video, data, messaging, and broadcasts. Typical wireless communication systems may employ multiple-access technologies capable of supporting communication with multiple users by sharing available system resources (e.g., bandwidth, transmit power, or the like). Examples of such multiple-access technologies include code division multiple access (CDMA) systems, time division multiple access (TDMA) systems, frequency division multiple access (FDMA) systems, orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) systems, single-carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA) systems, time division synchronous code division multiple access (TD-SCDMA) systems, and Long Term Evolution (LTE). LTE/LTE-Advanced is a set of enhancements to the Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) mobile standard promulgated by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP).

A wireless network may include one or more network nodes that support communication for wireless communication devices, such as a user equipment (UE) or multiple UEs. A UE may communicate with a network node via downlink communications and uplink communications. “Downlink” (or “DL”) refers to a communication link from the network node to the UE, and “uplink” (or “UL”) refers to a communication link from the UE to the network node. Some wireless networks may support device-to-device communication, such as via a local link (e.g., a sidelink (SL), a wireless local area network (WLAN) link, and/or a wireless personal area network (WPAN) link, among other examples).

The above multiple access technologies have been adopted in various telecommunication standards to provide a common protocol that enables different UEs to communicate on a municipal, national, regional, and/or global level. New Radio (NR), which may be referred to as 5G, is a set of enhancements to the LTE mobile standard promulgated by the 3GPP. NR is designed to better support mobile broadband internet access by improving spectral efficiency, lowering costs, improving services, making use of new spectrum, and better integrating with other open standards using orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) with a cyclic prefix (CP) (CP-OFDM) on the downlink, using CP-OFDM and/or single-carrier frequency division multiplexing (SC-FDM) (also known as discrete Fourier transform spread OFDM (DFT-s-OFDM)) on the uplink, as well as supporting beamforming, multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna technology, and carrier aggregation. As the demand for mobile broadband access continues to increase, further improvements in LTE, NR, and other radio access technologies remain useful.

SUMMARY

Some aspects described herein relate to a method of wireless communication performed by a mobile station. The method may include obtaining, by the mobile station, a multi-level coding (MLC) configuration to be applied to a quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) constellation set comprising a plurality of constellation symbols and having a non-linearity that is based at least in part on a phase noise or a power amplification associated with the plurality of constellation symbols. The method may include processing the QAM constellation set, using MLC set partitioning in accordance with the MLC configuration, based at least in part on the phase noise or the power amplification associated with the plurality of constellation symbols of the QAM constellation set.

Some aspects described herein relate to a method of wireless communication performed by a network node. The method may include receiving, from a mobile station, capability information that indicates whether the mobile station is capable of performing MLC set partitioning for a QAM constellation set that comprises a plurality of constellation symbols and that has a non-linearity that is based at least in part on a phase noise or a power amplification associated with the plurality of constellation symbols. The method may include transmitting, to the mobile station, an MLC configuration that indicates to perform the MLC set partitioning based at least in part on the phase noise or the power amplification associated with the plurality of constellation symbols of the QAM constellation set.

Some aspects described herein relate to an apparatus for wireless communication performed by a mobile station. The apparatus may include a memory and one or more processors, coupled to the memory. The one or more processors may be configured to obtain, by the mobile station, an MLC configuration to be applied to a QAM constellation set comprising a plurality of constellation symbols and having a non-linearity that is based at least in part on a phase noise or a power amplification associated with the plurality of constellation symbols. The one or more processors may be configured to process the QAM constellation set, using MLC set partitioning in accordance with the MLC configuration, based at least in part on the phase noise or the power amplification associated with the plurality of constellation symbols of the QAM constellation set.

Some aspects described herein relate to an apparatus for wireless communication performed by a network node. The apparatus may include a memory and one or more processors, coupled to the memory. The one or more processors may be configured to receive, from a mobile station, capability information that indicates whether the mobile station is capable of performing MLC set partitioning for a QAM constellation set that comprises a plurality of constellation symbols and that has a non-linearity that is based at least in part on a phase noise or a power amplification associated with the plurality of constellation symbols. The one or more processors may be configured to transmit, to the mobile station, an MLC configuration that indicates to perform the MLC set partitioning based at least in part on the phase noise or the power amplification associated with the plurality of constellation symbols of the QAM constellation set.

Some aspects described herein relate to a non-transitory computer-readable medium that stores a set of instructions for wireless communication by a mobile station. The set of instructions, when executed by one or more processors of the mobile station, may cause the mobile station to obtain an MLC configuration to be applied to a QAM constellation set comprising a plurality of constellation symbols and having a non-linearity that is based at least in part on a phase noise or a power amplification associated with the plurality of constellation symbols. The set of instructions, when executed by one or more processors of the mobile station, may cause the mobile station to process the QAM constellation set, using MLC set partitioning in accordance with the MLC configuration, based at least in part on the phase noise or the power amplification associated with the plurality of constellation symbols of the QAM constellation set.

Some aspects described herein relate to a non-transitory computer-readable medium that stores a set of instructions for wireless communication by a network node. The set of instructions, when executed by one or more processors of the network node, may cause the network node to receive, from a mobile station, capability information that indicates whether the mobile station is capable of performing MLC set partitioning for a QAM constellation set that comprises a plurality of constellation symbols and that has a non-linearity that is based at least in part on a phase noise or a power amplification associated with the plurality of constellation symbols. The set of instructions, when executed by one or more processors of the network node, may cause the network node to transmit, to the mobile station, an MLC configuration that indicates to perform the MLC set partitioning based at least in part on the phase noise or the power amplification associated with the plurality of constellation symbols of the QAM constellation set.

Some aspects described herein relate to an apparatus for wireless communication. The apparatus may include means for obtaining an MLC configuration to be applied to a QAM constellation set comprising a plurality of constellation symbols and having a non-linearity that is based at least in part on a phase noise or a power amplification associated with the plurality of constellation symbols. The apparatus may include means for processing the QAM constellation set, using MLC set partitioning in accordance with the MLC configuration, based at least in part on the phase noise or the power amplification associated with the plurality of constellation symbols of the QAM constellation set.

Some aspects described herein relate to an apparatus for wireless communication. The apparatus may include means for receiving, from a mobile station, capability information that indicates whether the mobile station is capable of performing MLC set partitioning for a QAM constellation set that comprises a plurality of constellation symbols and that has a non-linearity that is based at least in part on a phase noise or a power amplification associated with the plurality of constellation symbols. The apparatus may include means for transmitting, to the mobile station, an MLC configuration that indicates to perform the MLC set partitioning based at least in part on the phase noise or the power amplification associated with the plurality of constellation symbols of the QAM constellation set.

Aspects generally include a method, apparatus, system, computer program product, non-transitory computer-readable medium, user equipment, base station, network entity, network node, wireless communication device, and/or processing system as substantially described herein with reference to and as illustrated by the drawings.

The foregoing has outlined rather broadly the features and technical advantages of examples according to the disclosure in order that the detailed description that follows may be better understood. Additional features and advantages will be described hereinafter. The conception and specific examples disclosed may be readily utilized as a basis for modifying or designing other structures for carrying out the same purposes of the present disclosure. Such equivalent constructions do not depart from the scope of the appended claims. Characteristics of the concepts disclosed herein, both their organization and method of operation, together with associated advantages, will be better understood from the following description when considered in connection with the accompanying figures. Each of the figures is provided for the purposes of illustration and description, and not as a definition of the limits of the claims.

While aspects are described in the present disclosure by illustration to some examples, those skilled in the art will understand that such aspects may be implemented in many different arrangements and scenarios. Techniques described herein may be implemented using different platform types, devices, systems, shapes, sizes, and/or packaging arrangements. For example, some aspects may be implemented via integrated chip embodiments or other non-module-component based devices (e.g., end-user devices, vehicles, communication devices, computing devices, industrial equipment, retail/purchasing devices, medical devices, and/or artificial intelligence devices). Aspects may be implemented in chip-level components, modular components, non-modular components, non-chip-level components, device-level components, and/or system-level components. Devices incorporating described aspects and features may include additional components and features for implementation and practice of claimed and described aspects. For example, transmission and reception of wireless signals may include one or more components for analog and digital purposes (e.g., hardware components including antennas, radio frequency (RF) chains, power amplifiers, modulators, buffers, processors, interleavers, adders, and/or summers). It is intended that aspects described herein may be practiced in a wide variety of devices, components, systems, distributed arrangements, and/or end-user devices of varying size, shape, and constitution.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

So that the above-recited features of the present disclosure can be understood in detail, a more particular description, briefly summarized above, may be had by reference to aspects, some of which are illustrated in the appended drawings. It is to be noted, however, that the appended drawings illustrate only certain typical aspects of this disclosure and are therefore not to be considered limiting of its scope, for the description may admit to other equally effective aspects. The same reference numbers in different drawings may identify the same or similar elements.

FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating an example of a wireless network, in accordance with the present disclosure.

FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating an example of a network node in communication with a user equipment (UE) in a wireless network, in accordance with the present disclosure.

FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating an example disaggregated base station architecture, in accordance with the present disclosure.

FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating an example of multi-level coding (MLC) set partitioning based at least in part on symbol distance, in accordance with the present disclosure.

FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating an example of MLC set partitioning for non-linearity reduction, in accordance with the present disclosure.

FIG. 6 is a diagram illustrating an example of MLC set partitioning and constellation subsets, in accordance with the present disclosure.

FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating an example process performed, for example, by a mobile station, in accordance with the present disclosure.

FIG. 8 is a diagram illustrating an example process performed, for example, by a network node, in accordance with the present disclosure.

FIG. 9 is a diagram of an example apparatus for wireless communication, in accordance with the present disclosure.

FIG. 10 is a diagram of an example apparatus for wireless communication, in accordance with the present disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Various aspects of the disclosure are described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings. This disclosure may, however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to any specific structure or function presented throughout this disclosure. Rather, these aspects are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the disclosure to those skilled in the art. One skilled in the art should appreciate that the scope of the disclosure is intended to cover any aspect of the disclosure disclosed herein, whether implemented independently of or combined with any other aspect of the disclosure. For example, an apparatus may be implemented or a method may be practiced using any number of the aspects set forth herein. In addition, the scope of the disclosure is intended to cover such an apparatus or method which is practiced using other structure, functionality, or structure and functionality in addition to or other than the various aspects of the disclosure set forth herein. It should be understood that any aspect of the disclosure disclosed herein may be embodied by one or more elements of a claim.

Several aspects of telecommunication systems will now be presented with reference to various apparatuses and techniques. These apparatuses and techniques will be described in the following detailed description and illustrated in the accompanying drawings by various blocks, modules, components, circuits, steps, processes, algorithms, or the like (collectively referred to as “elements”). These elements may be implemented using hardware, software, or combinations thereof. Whether such elements are implemented as hardware or software depends upon the particular application and design constraints imposed on the overall system.

While aspects may be described herein using terminology commonly associated with a 5G or New Radio (NR) radio access technology (RAT), aspects of the present disclosure can be applied to other RATs, such as a 3G RAT, a 4G RAT, and/or a RAT subsequent to 5G (e.g., 6G).

FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating an example of a wireless network 100, in accordance with the present disclosure. The wireless network 100 may be or may include elements of a 5G (e.g., NR) network and/or a 4G (e.g., Long Term Evolution (LTE)) network, among other examples. The wireless network 100 may include one or more network nodes 110 (shown as a network node 110 a, a network node 110 b, a network node 110 c, and a network node 110 d), a user equipment (UE) 120 or multiple UEs 120 (shown as a UE 120 a, a UE 120 b, a UE 120 c, a UE 120 d, and a UE 120 e), and/or other entities. A network node 110 is a network node that communicates with UEs 120. As shown, a network node 110 may include one or more network nodes. For example, a network node 110 may be an aggregated network node, meaning that the aggregated network node is configured to utilize a radio protocol stack that is physically or logically integrated within a single radio access network (RAN) node (e.g., within a single device or unit). As another example, a network node 110 may be a disaggregated network node (sometimes referred to as a disaggregated base station), meaning that the network node 110 is configured to utilize a protocol stack that is physically or logically distributed among two or more nodes (such as one or more central units (CUs), one or more distributed units (DUs), or one or more radio units (RUs)).

In some examples, a network node 110 is or includes a network node that communicates with UEs 120 via a radio access link, such as an RU. In some examples, a network node 110 is or includes a network node that communicates with other network nodes 110 via a fronthaul link or a midhaul link, such as a DU. In some examples, a network node 110 is or includes a network node that communicates with other network nodes 110 via a midhaul link or a core network via a backhaul link, such as a CU. In some examples, a network node 110 (such as an aggregated network node 110 or a disaggregated network node 110) may include multiple network nodes, such as one or more RUs, one or more CUs, and/or one or more DUs. A network node 110 may include, for example, an NR base station, an LTE base station, a Node B, an eNB (e.g., in 4G), a gNB (e.g., in 5G), an access point, a transmission reception point (TRP), a DU, an RU, a CU, a mobility element of a network, a core network node, a network element, a network equipment, a RAN node, or a combination thereof. In some examples, the network nodes 110 may be interconnected to one another or to one or more other network nodes 110 in the wireless network 100 through various types of fronthaul, midhaul, and/or backhaul interfaces, such as a direct physical connection, an air interface, or a virtual network, using any suitable transport network.

In some examples, a network node 110 may provide communication coverage for a particular geographic area. In the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), the term “cell” can refer to a coverage area of a network node 110 and/or a network node subsystem serving this coverage area, depending on the context in which the term is used. A network node 110 may provide communication coverage for a macro cell, a pico cell, a femto cell, and/or another type of cell. A macro cell may cover a relatively large geographic area (e.g., several kilometers in radius) and may allow unrestricted access by UEs 120 with service subscriptions. A pico cell may cover a relatively small geographic area and may allow unrestricted access by UEs 120 with service subscriptions. A femto cell may cover a relatively small geographic area (e.g., a home) and may allow restricted access by UEs 120 having association with the femto cell (e.g., UEs 120 in a closed subscriber group (CSG)). A network node 110 for a macro cell may be referred to as a macro network node. A network node 110 for a pico cell may be referred to as a pico network node. A network node 110 for a femto cell may be referred to as a femto network node or an in-home network node. In the example shown in FIG. 1 , the network node 110 a may be a macro network node for a macro cell 102 a, the network node 110 b may be a pico network node for a pico cell 102 b, and the network node 110 c may be a femto network node for a femto cell 102 c. A network node may support one or multiple (e.g., three) cells. In some examples, a cell may not necessarily be stationary, and the geographic area of the cell may move according to the location of a network node 110 that is mobile (e.g., a mobile network node).

In some aspects, the term “base station” or “network node” may refer to an aggregated base station, a disaggregated base station, an integrated access and backhaul (IAB) node, a relay node, or one or more components thereof. For example, in some aspects, “base station” or “network node” may refer to a CU, a DU, an RU, a Near-Real Time (Near-RT) RAN Intelligent Controller (RIC), or a Non-Real Time (Non-RT) RIC, or a combination thereof. In some aspects, the term “base station” or “network node” may refer to one device configured to perform one or more functions, such as those described herein in connection with the network node 110. In some aspects, the term “base station” or “network node” may refer to a plurality of devices configured to perform the one or more functions. For example, in some distributed systems, each of a quantity of different devices (which may be located in the same geographic location or in different geographic locations) may be configured to perform at least a portion of a function, or to duplicate performance of at least a portion of the function, and the term “base station” or “network node” may refer to any one or more of those different devices. In some aspects, the term “base station” or “network node” may refer to one or more virtual base stations or one or more virtual base station functions. For example, in some aspects, two or more base station functions may be instantiated on a single device. In some aspects, the term “base station” or “network node” may refer to one of the base station functions and not another. In this way, a single device may include more than one base station.

The wireless network 100 may include one or more relay stations. A relay station is a network node that can receive a transmission of data from an upstream node (e.g., a network node 110 or a UE 120) and send a transmission of the data to a downstream node (e.g., a UE 120 or a network node 110). A relay station may be a UE 120 that can relay transmissions for other UEs 120. In the example shown in FIG. 1 , the network node 110 d (e.g., a relay network node) may communicate with the network node 110 a (e.g., a macro network node) and the UE 120 d in order to facilitate communication between the network node 110 a and the UE 120 d. A network node 110 that relays communications may be referred to as a relay station, a relay base station, a relay network node, a relay node, a relay, or the like.

The wireless network 100 may be a heterogeneous network that includes network nodes 110 of different types, such as macro network nodes, pico network nodes, femto network nodes, relay network nodes, or the like. These different types of network nodes 110 may have different transmit power levels, different coverage areas, and/or different impacts on interference in the wireless network 100. For example, macro network nodes may have a high transmit power level (e.g., 5 to 40 watts) whereas pico network nodes, femto network nodes, and relay network nodes may have lower transmit power levels (e.g., 0.1 to 2 watts).

A network controller 130 may couple to or communicate with a set of network nodes 110 and may provide coordination and control for these network nodes 110. The network controller 130 may communicate with the network nodes 110 via a backhaul communication link or a midhaul communication link. The network nodes 110 may communicate with one another directly or indirectly via a wireless or wireline backhaul communication link. In some aspects, the network controller 130 may be a CU or a core network device, or may include a CU or a core network device.

The UEs 120 may be dispersed throughout the wireless network 100, and each UE 120 may be stationary or mobile. A UE 120 may include, for example, an access terminal, a terminal, a mobile station, and/or a subscriber unit. A UE 120 may be a cellular phone (e.g., a smart phone), a personal digital assistant (PDA), a wireless modem, a wireless communication device, a handheld device, a laptop computer, a cordless phone, a wireless local loop (WLL) station, a tablet, a camera, a gaming device, a netbook, a smartbook, an ultrabook, a medical device, a biometric device, a wearable device (e.g., a smart watch, smart clothing, smart glasses, a smart wristband, smart jewelry (e.g., a smart ring or a smart bracelet)), an entertainment device (e.g., a music device, a video device, and/or a satellite radio), a vehicular component or sensor, a smart meter/sensor, industrial manufacturing equipment, a global positioning system device, a UE function of a network node, and/or any other suitable device that is configured to communicate via a wireless or wired medium.

Some UEs 120 may be considered machine-type communication (MTC) or evolved or enhanced machine-type communication (eMTC) UEs. An MTC UE and/or an eMTC UE may include, for example, a robot, a drone, a remote device, a sensor, a meter, a monitor, and/or a location tag, that may communicate with a network node, another device (e.g., a remote device), or some other entity. Some UEs 120 may be considered Internet-of-Things (IoT) devices, and/or may be implemented as NB-IoT (narrowband IoT) devices. Some UEs 120 may be considered a Customer Premises Equipment. A UE 120 may be included inside a housing that houses components of the UE 120, such as processor components and/or memory components. In some examples, the processor components and the memory components may be coupled together. For example, the processor components (e.g., one or more processors) and the memory components (e.g., a memory) may be operatively coupled, communicatively coupled, electronically coupled, and/or electrically coupled.

In general, any number of wireless networks 100 may be deployed in a given geographic area. Each wireless network 100 may support a particular RAT and may operate on one or more frequencies. A RAT may be referred to as a radio technology, an air interface, or the like. A frequency may be referred to as a carrier, a frequency channel, or the like. Each frequency may support a single RAT in a given geographic area in order to avoid interference between wireless networks of different RATs. In some cases, NR or 5G RAT networks may be deployed.

In some examples, two or more UEs 120 (e.g., shown as UE 120 a and UE 120 e) may communicate directly using one or more sidelink channels (e.g., without using a network node 110 as an intermediary to communicate with one another). For example, the UEs 120 may communicate using peer-to-peer (P2P) communications, device-to-device (D2D) communications, a vehicle-to-everything (V2X) protocol (e.g., which may include a vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) protocol, a vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) protocol, or a vehicle-to-pedestrian (V2P) protocol), and/or a mesh network. In such examples, a UE 120 may perform scheduling operations, resource selection operations, and/or other operations described elsewhere herein as being performed by the network node 110.

Devices of the wireless network 100 may communicate using the electromagnetic spectrum, which may be subdivided by frequency or wavelength into various classes, bands, channels, or the like. For example, devices of the wireless network 100 may communicate using one or more operating bands. In 5G NR, two initial operating bands have been identified as frequency range designations FR1 (410 MHz-7.125 GHz) and FR2 (24.25 GHz-52.6 GHz). It should be understood that although a portion of FR1 is greater than 6 GHz, FR1 is often referred to (interchangeably) as a “Sub-6 GHz” band in various documents and articles. A similar nomenclature issue sometimes occurs with regard to FR2, which is often referred to (interchangeably) as a “millimeter wave” band in documents and articles, despite being different from the extremely high frequency (EHF) band (30 GHz-300 GHz) which is identified by the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) as a “millimeter wave” band.

The frequencies between FR1 and FR2 are often referred to as mid-band frequencies. Recent 5G NR studies have identified an operating band for these mid-band frequencies as frequency range designation FR3 (7.125 GHz-24.25 GHz). Frequency bands falling within FR3 may inherit FR1 characteristics and/or FR2 characteristics, and thus may effectively extend features of FR1 and/or FR2 into mid-band frequencies. In addition, higher frequency bands are currently being explored to extend 5G NR operation beyond 52.6 GHz. For example, three higher operating bands have been identified as frequency range designations FR4a or FR4-1 (52.6 GHz-71 GHz), FR4 (52.6 GHz-114.25 GHz), and FR5 (114.25 GHz-300 GHz). Each of these higher frequency bands falls within the EHF band.

With the above examples in mind, unless specifically stated otherwise, it should be understood that the term “sub-6 GHz” or the like, if used herein, may broadly represent frequencies that may be less than 6 GHz, may be within FR1, or may include mid-band frequencies. Further, unless specifically stated otherwise, it should be understood that the term “millimeter wave” or the like, if used herein, may broadly represent frequencies that may include mid-band frequencies, may be within FR2, FR4, FR4-a or FR4-1, and/or FR5, or may be within the EHF band. It is contemplated that the frequencies included in these operating bands (e.g., FR1, FR2, FR3, FR4, FR4-a, FR4-1, and/or FR5) may be modified, and techniques described herein are applicable to those modified frequency ranges.

In some aspects, a mobile station (e.g., the UE 120) may include a communication manager 140. As described in more detail elsewhere herein, the communication manager 140 may obtain a multi-level coding (MLC) configuration to be applied to a quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) constellation set comprising a plurality of constellation symbols and having a non-linearity that is based at least in part on a phase noise or a power amplification associated with the plurality of constellation symbols; and process the QAM constellation set, using MLC set partitioning in accordance with the MLC configuration, based at least in part on the phase noise or the power amplification associated with the plurality of constellation symbols of the QAM constellation set. Additionally, or alternatively, the communication manager 140 may perform one or more other operations described herein.

In some aspects, the network node 110 may include a communication manager 150. As described in more detail elsewhere herein, the communication manager 150 may receive, from a mobile station, capability information that indicates whether the mobile station is capable of performing MLC set partitioning for a QAM constellation set that comprises a plurality of constellation symbols and that has a non-linearity that is based at least in part on a phase noise or a power amplification associated with the plurality of constellation symbols; and transmit, to the mobile station, an MLC configuration that indicates to perform the MLC set partitioning based at least in part on the phase noise or the power amplification associated with the plurality of constellation symbols of the QAM constellation set. Additionally, or alternatively, the communication manager 150 may perform one or more other operations described herein.

As indicated above, FIG. 1 is provided as an example. Other examples may differ from what is described with regard to FIG. 1 .

FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating an example 200 of a network node 110 in communication with a user equipment (UE) 120 in a wireless network 100, in accordance with the present disclosure. The network node 110 may be equipped with a set of antennas 234 a through 234 t, such as T antennas (T≥1). The UE 120 may be equipped with a set of antennas 252 a through 252 r, such as R antennas (R≥1). The network node 110 of example 200 includes one or more radio frequency components, such as antennas 234 and a modem 254. In some examples, a network node 110 may include an interface, a communication component, or another component that facilitates communication with the UE 120 or another network node. Some network nodes 110 may not include radio frequency components that facilitate direct communication with the UE 120, such as one or more CUs, or one or more DUs.

At the network node 110, a transmit processor 220 may receive data, from a data source 212, intended for the UE 120 (or a set of UEs 120). The transmit processor 220 may select one or more modulation and coding schemes (MCSs) for the UE 120 based at least in part on one or more channel quality indicators (CQIs) received from that UE 120. The network node 110 may process (e.g., encode and modulate) the data for the UE 120 based at least in part on the MCS(s) selected for the UE 120 and may provide data symbols for the UE 120. The transmit processor 220 may process system information (e.g., for semi-static resource partitioning information (SRPI)) and control information (e.g., CQI requests, grants, and/or upper layer signaling) and provide overhead symbols and control symbols. The transmit processor 220 may generate reference symbols for reference signals (e.g., a cell-specific reference signal (CRS) or a demodulation reference signal (DMRS)) and synchronization signals (e.g., a primary synchronization signal (PSS) or a secondary synchronization signal (SSS)). A transmit (TX) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) processor 230 may perform spatial processing (e.g., precoding) on the data symbols, the control symbols, the overhead symbols, and/or the reference symbols, if applicable, and may provide a set of output symbol streams (e.g., T output symbol streams) to a corresponding set of modems 232 (e.g., T modems), shown as modems 232 a through 232 t. For example, each output symbol stream may be provided to a modulator component (shown as MOD) of a modem 232. Each modem 232 may use a respective modulator component to process a respective output symbol stream (e.g., for OFDM) to obtain an output sample stream. Each modem 232 may further use a respective modulator component to process (e.g., convert to analog, amplify, filter, and/or upconvert) the output sample stream to obtain a downlink signal. The modems 232 a through 232 t may transmit a set of downlink signals (e.g., T downlink signals) via a corresponding set of antennas 234 (e.g., T antennas), shown as antennas 234 a through 234 t.

At the UE 120, a set of antennas 252 (shown as antennas 252 a through 252 r) may receive the downlink signals from the network node 110 and/or other network nodes 110 and may provide a set of received signals (e.g., R received signals) to a set of modems 254 (e.g., R modems), shown as modems 254 a through 254 r. For example, each received signal may be provided to a demodulator component (shown as DEMOD) of a modem 254. Each modem 254 may use a respective demodulator component to condition (e.g., filter, amplify, downconvert, and/or digitize) a received signal to obtain input samples. Each modem 254 may use a demodulator component to further process the input samples (e.g., for OFDM) to obtain received symbols. A MIMO detector 256 may obtain received symbols from the modems 254, may perform MIMO detection on the received symbols if applicable, and may provide detected symbols. A receive processor 258 may process (e.g., demodulate and decode) the detected symbols, may provide decoded data for the UE 120 to a data sink 260, and may provide decoded control information and system information to a controller/processor 280. The term “controller/processor” may refer to one or more controllers, one or more processors, or a combination thereof. A channel processor may determine a reference signal received power (RSRP) parameter, a received signal strength indicator (RSSI) parameter, a reference signal received quality (RSRQ) parameter, and/or a CQI parameter, among other examples. In some examples, one or more components of the UE 120 may be included in a housing 284.

The network controller 130 may include a communication unit 294, a controller/processor 290, and a memory 292. The network controller 130 may include, for example, one or more devices in a core network. The network controller 130 may communicate with the network node 110 via the communication unit 294.

One or more antennas (e.g., antennas 234 a through 234 t and/or antennas 252 a through 252 r) may include, or may be included within, one or more antenna panels, one or more antenna groups, one or more sets of antenna elements, and/or one or more antenna arrays, among other examples. An antenna panel, an antenna group, a set of antenna elements, and/or an antenna array may include one or more antenna elements (within a single housing or multiple housings), a set of coplanar antenna elements, a set of non-coplanar antenna elements, and/or one or more antenna elements coupled to one or more transmission and/or reception components, such as one or more components of FIG. 2 .

On the uplink, at the UE 120, a transmit processor 264 may receive and process data from a data source 262 and control information (e.g., for reports that include RSRP, RSSI, RSRQ, and/or CQI) from the controller/processor 280. The transmit processor 264 may generate reference symbols for one or more reference signals. The symbols from the transmit processor 264 may be precoded by a TX MIMO processor 266 if applicable, further processed by the modems 254 (e.g., for DFT-s-OFDM or CP-OFDM), and transmitted to the network node 110. In some examples, the modem 254 of the UE 120 may include a modulator and a demodulator. In some examples, the UE 120 includes a transceiver. The transceiver may include any combination of the antenna(s) 252, the modem(s) 254, the MIMO detector 256, the receive processor 258, the transmit processor 264, and/or the TX MIMO processor 266. The transceiver may be used by a processor (e.g., the controller/processor 280) and the memory 282 to perform aspects of any of the methods described herein (e.g., with reference to FIGS. 5-10 ).

At the network node 110, the uplink signals from UE 120 and/or other UEs may be received by the antennas 234, processed by the modem 232 (e.g., a demodulator component, shown as DEMOD, of the modem 232), detected by a MIMO detector 236 if applicable, and further processed by a receive processor 238 to obtain decoded data and control information sent by the UE 120. The receive processor 238 may provide the decoded data to a data sink 239 and provide the decoded control information to the controller/processor 240. The network node 110 may include a communication unit 244 and may communicate with the network controller 130 via the communication unit 244. The network node 110 may include a scheduler 246 to schedule one or more UEs 120 for downlink and/or uplink communications. In some examples, the modem 232 of the network node 110 may include a modulator and a demodulator. In some examples, the network node 110 includes a transceiver. The transceiver may include any combination of the antenna(s) 234, the modem(s) 232, the MIMO detector 236, the receive processor 238, the transmit processor 220, and/or the TX MIMO processor 230. The transceiver may be used by a processor (e.g., the controller/processor 240) and the memory 242 to perform aspects of any of the methods described herein (e.g., with reference to FIGS. 5-10 ).

The controller/processor 240 of the network node 110, the controller/processor 280 of the UE 120, and/or any other component(s) of FIG. 2 may perform one or more techniques associated with MLC set partitioning for non-linearity reduction, as described in more detail elsewhere herein. For example, the controller/processor 240 of the network node 110, the controller/processor 280 of the UE 120, and/or any other component(s) of FIG. 2 may perform or direct operations of, for example, process 700 of FIG. 7 , process 800 of FIG. 8 , and/or other processes as described herein. The memory 242 and the memory 282 may store data and program codes for the network node 110 and the UE 120, respectively. In some examples, the memory 242 and/or the memory 282 may include a non-transitory computer-readable medium storing one or more instructions (e.g., code and/or program code) for wireless communication. For example, the one or more instructions, when executed (e.g., directly, or after compiling, converting, and/or interpreting) by one or more processors of the network node 110 and/or the UE 120, may cause the one or more processors, the UE 120, and/or the network node 110 to perform or direct operations of, for example, process 700 of FIG. 7 , process 800 of FIG. 8 , and/or other processes as described herein. In some examples, executing instructions may include running the instructions, converting the instructions, compiling the instructions, and/or interpreting the instructions, among other examples.

In some aspects, a mobile station (e.g., the UE 120) includes means for obtaining, by the mobile station, an MLC configuration to be applied to a QAM constellation set comprising a plurality of constellation symbols and having a non-linearity that is based at least in part on a phase noise or a power amplification associated with the plurality of constellation symbols; and/or means for processing the QAM constellation set, using MLC set partitioning in accordance with the MLC configuration, based at least in part on the phase noise or the power amplification associated with the plurality of constellation symbols of the QAM constellation set. In some aspects, the means for the mobile station to perform operations described herein may include, for example, one or more of communication manager 140, antenna 252, modem 254, MIMO detector 256, receive processor 258, transmit processor 264, TX MIMO processor 266, controller/processor 280, or memory 282.

In some aspects, a network node (e.g., the network node 110) includes means for receiving, from a mobile station, capability information that indicates whether the mobile station is capable of MLC set partitioning for a QAM constellation set that comprises a plurality of constellation symbols and that has a non-linearity that is based at least in part on a phase noise or a power amplification associated with the plurality of constellation symbols; and/or means for transmitting, to the mobile station, an MLC configuration that indicates to perform the MLC set partitioning based at least in part on the phase noise or the power amplification associated with the plurality of constellation symbols of the QAM constellation set. In some aspects, the means for the network node to perform operations described herein may include, for example, one or more of communication manager 150, transmit processor 220, TX MIMO processor 230, modem 232, antenna 234, MIMO detector 236, receive processor 238, controller/processor 240, memory 242, or scheduler 246.

While blocks in FIG. 2 are illustrated as distinct components, the functions described above with respect to the blocks may be implemented in a single hardware, software, or combination component or in various combinations of components. For example, the functions described with respect to the transmit processor 264, the receive processor 258, and/or the TX MIMO processor 266 may be performed by or under the control of the controller/processor 280.

As indicated above, FIG. 2 is provided as an example. Other examples may differ from what is described with regard to FIG. 2 .

Deployment of communication systems, such as 5G NR systems, may be arranged in multiple manners with various components or constituent parts. In a 5G NR system, or network, a network node, a network entity, a mobility element of a network, a RAN node, a core network node, a network element, a base station, or a network equipment may be implemented in an aggregated or disaggregated architecture. For example, a base station (such as a Node B (NB), an evolved NB (eNB), an NR BS, a 5G NB, an access point (AP), a TRP, or a cell, among other examples), or one or more units (or one or more components) performing base station functionality, may be implemented as an aggregated base station (also known as a standalone base station or a monolithic base station) or a disaggregated base station. “Network entity” or “network node” may refer to a disaggregated base station, or to one or more units of a disaggregated base station (such as one or more CUs, one or more DUs, one or more RUs, or a combination thereof).

An aggregated base station (e.g., an aggregated network node) may be configured to utilize a radio protocol stack that is physically or logically integrated within a single RAN node (e.g., within a single device or unit). A disaggregated base station (e.g., a disaggregated network node) may be configured to utilize a protocol stack that is physically or logically distributed among two or more units (such as one or more CUs, one or more DUs, or one or more RUs). In some examples, a CU may be implemented within a network node, and one or more DUs may be co-located with the CU, or alternatively, may be geographically or virtually distributed throughout one or multiple other network nodes. The DUs may be implemented to communicate with one or more RUs. Each of the CU, DU, and RU also can be implemented as virtual units, such as a virtual central unit (VCU), a virtual distributed unit (VDU), or a virtual radio unit (VRU), among other examples.

Base station-type operation or network design may consider aggregation characteristics of base station functionality. For example, disaggregated base stations may be utilized in an IAB network, an open radio access network (O-RAN (such as the network configuration sponsored by the O-RAN Alliance)), or a virtualized radio access network (vRAN, also known as a cloud radio access network (C-RAN)) to facilitate scaling of communication systems by separating base station functionality into one or more units that can be individually deployed. A disaggregated base station may include functionality implemented across two or more units at various physical locations, as well as functionality implemented for at least one unit virtually, which can enable flexibility in network design. The various units of the disaggregated base station can be configured for wired or wireless communication with at least one other unit of the disaggregated base station.

FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating an example disaggregated base station architecture 300, in accordance with the present disclosure. The disaggregated base station architecture 300 may include a CU 310 that can communicate directly with a core network 320 via a backhaul link, or indirectly with the core network 320 through one or more disaggregated control units (such as a Near-RT RIC 325 via an E2 link, or a non-RT RIC 315 associated with a Service Management and Orchestration (SMO) Framework 305, or both). A CU 310 may communicate with one or more DUs 330 via respective midhaul links, such as through F1 interfaces. Each of the DUs 330 may communicate with one or more RUs 340 via respective fronthaul links. Each of the RUs 340 may communicate with one or more UEs 120 via respective radio frequency (RF) access links. In some implementations, a UE 120 may be simultaneously served by multiple RUs 340.

Each of the units, including the CUs 310, the DUs 330, the RUs 340, as well as the Near-RT RICs 325, the Non-RT RICs 315, and the SMO Framework 305, may include one or more interfaces or be coupled with one or more interfaces configured to receive or transmit signals, data, or information (collectively, signals) via a wired or wireless transmission medium. Each of the units, or an associated processor or controller providing instructions to one or multiple communication interfaces of the respective unit, can be configured to communicate with one or more of the other units via the transmission medium. In some examples, each of the units can include a wired interface, configured to receive or transmit signals over a wired transmission medium to one or more of the other units, and a wireless interface, which may include a receiver, a transmitter or transceiver (such as an RF transceiver), configured to receive or transmit signals, or both, over a wireless transmission medium to one or more of the other units.

In some aspects, the CU 310 may host one or more higher layer control functions. Such control functions can include radio resource control (RRC) functions, packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) functions, or service data adaptation protocol (SDAP) functions, among other examples. Each control function can be implemented with an interface configured to communicate signals with other control functions hosted by the CU 310. The CU 310 may be configured to handle user plane functionality (for example, Central Unit-User Plane (CU-UP) functionality), control plane functionality (for example, Central Unit-Control Plane (CU-CP) functionality), or a combination thereof. In some implementations, the CU 310 can be logically split into one or more CU-UP units and one or more CU-CP units. A CU-UP unit can communicate bidirectionally with a CU-CP unit via an interface, such as the E1 interface when implemented in an O-RAN configuration. The CU 310 can be implemented to communicate with a DU 330, as necessary, for network control and signaling.

Each DU 330 may correspond to a logical unit that includes one or more base station functions to control the operation of one or more RUs 340. In some aspects, the DU 330 may host one or more of a radio link control (RLC) layer, a MAC layer, and one or more high physical (PHY) layers depending, at least in part, on a functional split, such as a functional split defined by the 3GPP. In some aspects, the one or more high PHY layers may be implemented by one or more modules for forward error correction (FEC) encoding and decoding, scrambling, and modulation and demodulation, among other examples. In some aspects, the DU 330 may further host one or more low PHY layers, such as implemented by one or more modules for a fast Fourier transform (FFT), an inverse FFT (iFFT), digital beamforming, or physical random access channel (PRACH) extraction and filtering, among other examples. Each layer (which also may be referred to as a module) can be implemented with an interface configured to communicate signals with other layers (and modules) hosted by the DU 330, or with the control functions hosted by the CU 310.

Each RU 340 may implement lower-layer functionality. In some deployments, an RU 340, controlled by a DU 330, may correspond to a logical node that hosts RF processing functions or low-PHY layer functions, such as performing an FFT, performing an iFFT, digital beamforming, or PRACH extraction and filtering, among other examples, based on a functional split (for example, a functional split defined by the 3GPP), such as a lower layer functional split. In such an architecture, each RU 340 can be operated to handle over the air (OTA) communication with one or more UEs 120. In some implementations, real-time and non-real-time aspects of control and user plane communication with the RU(s) 340 can be controlled by the corresponding DU 330. In some scenarios, this configuration can enable each DU 330 and the CU 310 to be implemented in a cloud-based RAN architecture, such as a vRAN architecture.

The SMO Framework 305 may be configured to support RAN deployment and provisioning of non-virtualized and virtualized network elements. For non-virtualized network elements, the SMO Framework 305 may be configured to support the deployment of dedicated physical resources for RAN coverage requirements, which may be managed via an operations and maintenance interface (such as an O1 interface). For virtualized network elements, the SMO Framework 305 may be configured to interact with a cloud computing platform (such as an open cloud (O-Cloud) platform 390) to perform network element life cycle management (such as to instantiate virtualized network elements) via a cloud computing platform interface (such as an O2 interface). Such virtualized network elements can include, but are not limited to, CUs 310, DUs 330, RUs 340, non-RT RICs 315, and Near-RT RICs 325. In some implementations, the SMO Framework 305 can communicate with a hardware aspect of a 4G RAN, such as an open eNB (O-eNB) 311, via an O1 interface. Additionally, in some implementations, the SMO Framework 305 can communicate directly with each of one or more RUs 340 via a respective O1 interface. The SMO Framework 305 also may include a non-RT RIC 315 configured to support functionality of the SMO Framework 305.

The Non-RT RIC 315 may be configured to include a logical function that enables non-real-time control and optimization of RAN elements and resources, Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning (AI/ML) workflows including model training and updates, or policy-based guidance of applications/features in the Near-RT RIC 325. The Non-RT RIC 315 may be coupled to or communicate with (such as via an A1 interface) the Near-RT RIC 325. The Near-RT RIC 325 may be configured to include a logical function that enables near-real-time control and optimization of RAN elements and resources via data collection and actions over an interface (such as via an E2 interface) connecting one or more CUs 310, one or more DUs 330, or both, as well as an O-eNB, with the Near-RT RIC 325.

In some implementations, to generate AI/ML models to be deployed in the Near-RT RIC 325, the Non-RT RIC 315 may receive parameters or external enrichment information from external servers. Such information may be utilized by the Near-RT RIC 325 and may be received at the SMO Framework 305 or the Non-RT RIC 315 from non-network data sources or from network functions. In some examples, the non-RT RIC 315 or the Near-RT RIC 325 may be configured to tune RAN behavior or performance. For example, the non-RT RIC 315 may monitor long-term trends and patterns for performance and employ AI/ML models to perform corrective actions through the SMO Framework 305 (such as reconfiguration via an O1 interface) or via creation of RAN management policies (such as A1 interface policies).

As indicated above, FIG. 3 is provided as an example. Other examples may differ from what is described with regard to FIG. 3 .

FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating an example 400 of MLC set partitioning based at least in part on symbol distance, in accordance with the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 4 , set partitioning may be used to generate a plurality of constellation subsets based at least in part on a constellation set.

As shown by reference number 405, a constellation diagram may include constellation points graphed in a Euclidean space. In the illustrated example 400, the constellation diagram depicts a constellation set associated with a 16 point quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) telecommunication scheme with additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN).

As shown by reference number 410, the constellation set is partitioned into subsets, where subsets of each hierarchy have a minimum Euclidean distance, d2, between the points of the subset that is greater than the minimum Euclidean distance, d1, between the points of the highest hierarchy (the constellation set). The Euclidean distance is the linear distance on the constellation diagram between adjacent constellation points. This Euclidean distance is a measure of the capability of a hard decision decoder to discriminate between points in the subset in the presence of noise. For example, the Euclidean distance may be the distance of an error associated with decoding one or more least significant bits. As shown by reference number 415, the subsets are partitioned into further subsets having a minimum Euclidean distance, d3, that is larger than the minimum Euclidean distance d2 of the next highest hierarchy. As shown by reference number 420, the further subsets are similarly partitioned into subsets having a minimum Euclidean distance, d4, that is larger than the minimum Euclidean distance d3 of the next highest hierarchy. For example, d4>d3>d2>d1.

As described above, set partitioning may involve a hierarchical separation of a constellation into multiple constellation subsets with an increasing smallest Euclidian distance within each hierarchy. The coding of the information that is carried by each constellation subset may be protected by a different code rate to maximize the overall spectral efficiency. In the case that the AWGN is omnidirectional, an optimal partitioning to hierarchal constellation sets may be independent of the noise variance. However, in the case of non-linear noise, the effect of the noise may be different depending on the symbol location in the constellation.

Communications within the subTHz band (e.g., 90 GHz to 300 GHz) may suffer from increased phase noise and reduced power amplifier efficiency. The network node 110 may be configured to transmit downlink communications using DFT-s-OFDM (e.g., instead of standard OFDM) to reduce the phase noise and to increase the power amplifier efficiency. In some aspects, MLC may be used for power reduction, such as to reduce the number of channel bits that need to go through a low-density parity-check (LDPC) encoder/decoder. The MLC set partitioning shown in FIG. 4 and described above (e.g., the traditional MLC set partitioning) may be designed to have constellation subsets with a growing minimum distance. Symbols in the constellation that are close together may require lower coding rates and therefore may have higher power requirements, whereas symbols that are further apart from each other may use higher coding rates and therefore may have lower power requirements.

In some cases, the traditional MLC set partitioning may not be suitable for constellations having the increased phase noise and/or the reduced power amplifier efficiency, such as for communications in the subTHz spectrum and communications using DFT-s-OFDM. For example, while each of the constellation symbols using the traditional MLC set partitioning may experience roughly the same non-linearities, the constellation symbols associated with the subTHz communications may have different non-linearities depending on the location of the symbols within the constellation. The subTHz bandwidth may experience increased non-linearities within the constellation, and since the constellation may be associated with a DFT-s-OFDM waveform, the non-linearities may translate directly to the constellation and not as added noise (as is the case in OFDM). Thus, an MLC set partitioning that partitions the constellation symbols based only on the distance between the constellation symbols may not be able to adequately reduce the non-linearities within the constellation.

Techniques and apparatuses are described herein for MLC set partitioning for non-linearity reduction. In some aspects, a mobile station (e.g., a UE) may obtain an MLC configuration to be applied to a QAM constellation set comprising a plurality of constellation symbols and having a non-linearity that is based at least in part on a phase noise or a power amplification associated with the plurality of constellation symbols. The mobile station may process the QAM constellation set, using MLC set partitioning in accordance with the MLC configuration, based at least in part on the phase noise or the power amplification associated with the plurality of constellation symbols of the QAM constellation set. For example, the mobile station may partition the QAM constellation set into a first constellation subset comprising a first portion of the constellation symbols and a second constellation subset comprising a second portion of the constellation symbols based at least in part on the phase noise or the power amplification associated with the plurality of constellation symbols of the QAM constellation set.

As described above, traditional MLC set partitioning may not be suitable for constellations having increased phase noise and/or reduced power amplifier efficiency, such as for communications in the subTHz spectrum and/or communications using DFT-s-OFDM. For example, while each of the constellation symbols using the traditional MLC set partitioning may experience roughly the same non-linearities, the constellation symbols associated with the subTHz communications may have different non-linearities depending on the location of the symbols within the constellation. Using the techniques and apparatuses described herein, the mobile station may be configured to partition the constellation set into the first constellation subset and the second constellation subset based at least in part on the phase noise and/or the power amplification associated with the plurality of constellation symbols of the QAM constellation set. Thus, the non-linearities resulting from the increased phase noise and/or the reduced power amplifier efficiency may be reduced.

As indicated above, FIG. 4 is provided as an example. Other examples may differ from what is described with respect to FIG. 4 .

FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating an example 500 of MLC set partitioning for non-linearity reduction, in accordance with the present disclosure. A mobile station 505 may communicate with the network node 110. The mobile station 505 may include some or all of the features of the UE 120, the CU 310, the DU 330, and/or the RU 340 described herein.

As shown in connection with reference number 510, the mobile station 505 may transmit, and the network node 110 may receive, MLC capability information. The MLC capability information may indicate whether the mobile station 505 is capable of performing MLC set partitioning. For example, the MLC capability information may indicate whether the mobile station 505 is capable of performing MLC set partitioning for a constellation set that comprises a plurality of constellation symbols and that has a non-linearity that is based at least in part on a phase noise and/or a power amplification associated with the plurality of constellation symbols. In some aspects, the MLC capability information may indicate whether the mobile station 505 is capable of performing the MLC set partitioning to reduce the non-linearity of the constellation set. In some aspects, the constellation set may be a QAM constellation, such as a 16 QAM constellation.

As shown in connection with reference number 515, the network node 110 may transmit, and the mobile station 505 may receive, an MLC configuration to be applied to the constellation set comprising the plurality of constellation symbols and having the non-linearity that is based at least in part on the phase noise or the power amplification associated with the plurality of constellation symbols. As described herein, the constellation set may be associated with a DFT-s-OFDM signal. The MLC configuration may indicate for the mobile station 505 to perform the MLC set partitioning to reduce the phase noise and/or to increase the power amplifier efficiency, as described below.

As shown in connection with reference number 520, the mobile station 505 may process the constellation set, using MLC set partitioning in accordance with the MLC configuration, based at least in part on the phase noise and/or the power amplification associated with the plurality of constellation symbols of the constellation set. In some aspects, processing the constellation set may include partitioning the constellation set into a first constellation subset that includes a first portion of the constellation symbols and a second constellation subset that includes a second portion of the constellation symbols. In some aspects, the mobile station 505 may partition the constellation set into the first constellation subset and the second constellation subset using a least significant bit of the constellation set and based at least in part on the phase noise and/or the power amplification associated with the plurality of constellation symbols in the constellation set.

In some aspects, the plurality of constellation symbols may include one or more corner constellation symbols that are located in one or more corners of the constellation set, one or more interior constellation symbols that are located in an interior portion of the constellation set, and one or more edge constellation symbols that are located in an edge portion of the constellation set and that do not correspond to the corner constellation symbols. In this case, the first constellation subset may include the corner constellation symbols and the interior constellation symbols and the second constellation subset may include the edge constellation symbols.

In some aspects, the mobile station 505 may further partition the first constellation subset and the second constellation. In some aspects, the first constellation subset may be partitioned into a first plurality of other constellation subsets and the second constellation subset may be partitioned into a second plurality of other constellation subsets. For example, the first constellation subset may be partitioned into a third constellation subset and a fourth constellation subset, and the second constellation subset may be partitioned into a fifth constellation subset and a sixth constellation subset. The third constellation subset may include a portion of the constellation symbols of the first constellation subset and the fourth constellation subset may include another portion of the constellation symbols of the first constellation subset. The fifth constellation subset may include a portion of the constellation symbols of the second constellation subset and the sixth constellation subset may include another portion of the constellation symbols of the second constellation subset. In some aspects, the mobile station 505 may partition the first constellation subset into the first plurality of other constellation subsets and may partition the second constellation subset into the second plurality of other constellation subsets based at least in part on a minimum Euclidian distance of the constellation symbols within the first constellation subset and the second constellation subset. Additional details regarding these features are described in connection with FIG. 6 .

In some aspects, one partitioning level may use a different type of channel coding than another partitioning level. For example, partitioning levels that are close to the initial constellation set (e.g., partitioning levels that include constellation subsets having a greater number of constellation symbols) may use a first type of channel coding that has a lower coding rate, whereas partitioning levels that are further away from the initial constellation set (e.g., partitioning levels that include constellation subsets having a smaller number of constellation symbols) may use a second type of channel coding that has a higher coding rate. In the example above, the first constellation subset and the second constellation subset (located in a first partitioning level) may use a first type of channel coding that has a lower coding rate, and the first plurality of other constellation subsets and the second plurality of other constellation subsets (located in a second partitioning level) may use a second type of channel coding that has a higher coding rate. In some aspects, the first type of channel coding may be an LDPC channel coding that requires a higher power consumption, and the second type of channel coding may be a Reed-Solomon coding or a Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem coding that uses a lower power consumption.

In some aspects, the mobile station 505 may transmit, and the network node 110 may receive, an indication of an MCS for which the MLC set partitioning is to be applied. For example, the mobile station 505 may transmit the indication of the MCS based at least in part on a phase noise profile of the mobile station 505. In some aspects, the network node 110 may transmit, and the mobile station 505 may receive, an indication of an MCS for which the MLC set partitioning is to be applied. For example, the network node 110 may transmit downlink control information (DCI) or a medium access control (MAC) control element (CE) (MAC-CE) that indicates an MCS that is to use the MLC set partitioning for targeting non-linearities. In some aspects, the network node 110 may transmit, and the mobile station 505 may receive, DCI that indicates a code rate to be used for the MLC set partitioning. The MLC configuration and the MLC set partitioning described herein may be applied to downlink communications, uplink communications, or both downlink communications and uplink communications, among other examples.

As described above, traditional MLC set partitioning may not be suitable for constellations having increased phase noise and/or reduced power amplifier efficiency, such as for communications in the subTHz spectrum and/or communications using DFT-s-OFDM. For example, while each of the constellation symbols using the traditional MLC set partitioning may experience roughly the same non-linearities, the constellation symbols associated with the subTHz communications may have different non-linearities depending on the locations of the symbols within the constellation. Using the techniques and apparatuses described herein, the mobile station 505 may be configured to partition the constellation set into the first constellation subset and the second constellation subset based at least in part on the phase noise and/or the power amplification associated with the plurality of constellation symbols of the QAM constellation set. Thus, the non-linearities resulting from the increased phase noise and/or the reduced power amplifier efficiency may be reduced.

As indicated above, FIG. 5 is provided as an example. Other examples may differ from what is described with respect to FIG. 5 .

FIG. 6 is a diagram illustrating an example 600 of MLC set partitioning and constellation subsets, in accordance with the present disclosure. As described herein, MLC set partitioning may be used to resolve non-linearities within a constellation, such as a QAM constellation (e.g., a 16 QAM constellation). In some aspects, the MLC set partitioning may be initiated by distancing the corner constellation symbols from the symbols neighboring the corner constellation symbols (e.g., the edge constellation symbols). In the subTHz spectrum, the corner constellation symbols may experience the greatest phase noise and power amplification non-linearities. As shown in the example 600, a first MLC set partitioning level may include a first constellation subset 610 that includes all of the edge constellation symbols (not including the corner constellation symbols) of the constellation 605 and a second constellation subset 615 that includes all of the corner constellation symbols and all of the interior constellation symbols of the constellation 605. The first MLC set partitioning level may be represented by a first bit b₀, where a first state of the bit (b₀=0) corresponds to the first constellation subset 610 and a second state of the bit (b₀=1) corresponds to the second constellation subset 615.

In some aspects, a second MLC set partitioning level may include a further partitioning of the first constellation subset 610 and the second constellation subset 615. The first constellation subset 610 may be partitioned into a first plurality of other constellation subsets and the second constellation subset 615 may be partitioned into a second plurality of other constellation subsets. The first constellation subset 610 and the second constellation subset 615 may be partitioned to maximize a minimum Euclidian distance inside the new constellation subsets. For example, the first constellation subset 610 may be partitioned into the first other constellation subset 625 and the second other constellation subset 630 to maximize the minimum Euclidian distance between the edge constellation symbols. The second MLC set partitioning level may be represented by a first bit b₁, where a first state of the bit (b₁=0) corresponds to the first other constellation subset 625 and a second state of the bit (b₁=1) corresponds to the second other constellation subset 630. As described herein, the MLC set partitioning levels may have different channel codes to protect the constellation subsets. For example, the first MLC set partitioning level (including the first constellation subset 610 and the second constellation subset 615) may use a first type of coding that uses a low coding rate, whereas the second MLC set partitioning level (including the first other constellation subset 625 and the second other constellation subset 630) may use a second type of coding that uses a high coding rate. For example, the first MLC set partitioning level may use an LDPC coding and the second MLC set partitioning level may use a Reed-Solomon coding or a Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem coding. In some aspects, an MLC set partitioning level that includes (or corresponds to) the most significant bit (MSB) may not need to be encoded or decoded.

As indicated above, FIG. 6 is provided as an example. Other examples may differ from what is described with respect to FIG. 6 .

FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating an example process 700 performed, for example, by a mobile station, in accordance with the present disclosure. Example process 700 is an example where the mobile station (e.g., mobile station 505) performs operations associated with MLC set partitioning for non-linearity reduction.

As shown in FIG. 7 , in some aspects, process 700 may include obtaining an MLC configuration to be applied to a QAM constellation set comprising a plurality of constellation symbols and having a non-linearity that is based at least in part on a phase noise or a power amplification associated with the plurality of constellation symbols (block 710). For example, the mobile station (e.g., using communication manager 140 and/or obtaining component 908, depicted in FIG. 9 ) may obtain an MLC configuration to be applied to a QAM constellation set comprising a plurality of constellation symbols and having a non-linearity that is based at least in part on a phase noise or a power amplification associated with the plurality of constellation symbols, as described above.

As further shown in FIG. 7 , in some aspects, process 700 may include processing the QAM constellation set, using MLC set partitioning in accordance with the MLC configuration, based at least in part on the phase noise or the power amplification associated with the plurality of constellation symbols of the QAM constellation set (block 720). For example, the mobile station (e.g., using communication manager 140 and/or partitioning component 910, depicted in FIG. 9 ) may process the QAM constellation set, using MLC set partitioning in accordance with the MLC configuration, based at least in part on the phase noise or the power amplification associated with the plurality of constellation symbols of the QAM constellation set, as described above.

Process 700 may include additional aspects, such as any single aspect or any combination of aspects described below and/or in connection with one or more other processes described elsewhere herein.

In a first aspect, the QAM constellation set is associated with a discrete Fourier transform spread orthogonal frequency division multiplexing signal.

In a second aspect, alone or in combination with the first aspect, processing the QAM constellation set comprises partitioning the QAM constellation set into a first constellation subset comprising a first portion of the constellation symbols and a second constellation subset comprising a second portion of the constellation symbols.

In a third aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first and second aspects, partitioning the QAM constellation set into the first constellation subset and the second constellation subset comprises partitioning the QAM constellation set into the first constellation subset and the second constellation subset using a least significant bit of the QAM constellation set and based at least in part on the phase noise or the power amplification associated with the plurality of constellation symbols of the QAM constellation set.

In a fourth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through third aspects, the plurality of constellation symbols comprises a plurality of corner constellation symbols that are located in a plurality of corners of the QAM constellation set, a plurality of interior constellation symbols that are located in an interior portion of the QAM constellation set, and a plurality of edge constellation symbols that are located in an edge portion of the QAM constellation set that does not comprise the corner constellation symbols, wherein the first constellation subset comprises the corner constellation symbols and the interior constellation symbols and the second constellation subset comprises the edge constellation symbols.

In a fifth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through fourth aspects, process 700 includes partitioning the first constellation subset into a first plurality of other constellation subsets, and partitioning the second constellation subset into a second plurality of other constellation subsets, based at least in part on a minimum Euclidian distance of the constellation symbols within the first constellation subset and the second constellation subset.

In a sixth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through fifth aspects, the first constellation subset and the second constellation subset use a first type of channel coding, and the first plurality of other constellation subsets and the second plurality of other constellation subsets use a second type of channel coding.

In a seventh aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through sixth aspects, the first type of channel coding has a lower coding rate than the second type of channel coding.

In an eighth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through seventh aspects, the first type of channel coding is a low density parity check coding and the second type of channel coding is a Reed-Solomon coding.

In a ninth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through eighth aspects, process 700 includes transmitting capability information associated with the mobile station performing the MLC set partitioning.

In a tenth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through ninth aspects, the capability information further indicates whether the mobile station is capable of performing the MLC set partitioning to reduce the non-linearity of the QAM constellation set.

In an eleventh aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through tenth aspects, process 700 includes transmitting an indication of a phase noise non-linearity or a power amplification non-linearity.

In a twelfth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through eleventh aspects, process 700 includes transmitting an indication of a modulation and coding scheme for which the MLC set partitioning is to be applied.

In a thirteenth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through twelfth aspects, process 700 includes receiving an indication of a modulation and coding scheme for which the MLC set partitioning is to be applied.

In a fourteenth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through thirteenth aspects, process 700 includes receiving downlink control information that comprises an indication of the MLC configuration and a code rate that is to be used for the MLC set partitioning.

In a fifteenth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through fourteenth aspects, the QAM constellation set is associated with a downlink wireless communication signal.

In a sixteenth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through fifteenth aspects, the QAM constellation set is associated with an uplink wireless communication signal.

In a seventeenth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through sixteenth aspects, the QAM constellation set is associated with a communication that is performed in a spectrum that is between 90 GHz and 300 GHz.

Although FIG. 7 shows example blocks of process 700, in some aspects, process 700 may include additional blocks, fewer blocks, different blocks, or differently arranged blocks than those depicted in FIG. 7 . Additionally, or alternatively, two or more of the blocks of process 700 may be performed in parallel.

FIG. 8 is a diagram illustrating an example process 800 performed, for example, by a network node, in accordance with the present disclosure. Example process 800 is an example where the network node (e.g., network node 110) performs operations associated with MLC set partitioning for non-linearity reduction.

As shown in FIG. 8 , in some aspects, process 800 may include receiving, from a mobile station, capability information that indicates whether the mobile station is capable of performing MLC set partitioning for a QAM constellation set that comprises a plurality of constellation symbols and that has a non-linearity that is based at least in part on a phase noise or a power amplification associated with the plurality of constellation symbols (block 810). For example, the network node (e.g., using communication manager 150 and/or reception component 1002, depicted in FIG. 10 ) may receive, from a mobile station, capability information that indicates whether the mobile station is capable of performing MLC set partitioning for a QAM constellation set that comprises a plurality of constellation symbols and that has a non-linearity that is based at least in part on a phase noise or a power amplification associated with the plurality of constellation symbols, as described above.

As further shown in FIG. 8 , in some aspects, process 800 may include transmitting, to the mobile station, an MLC configuration that indicates to perform the MLC set partitioning based at least in part on the phase noise or the power amplification associated with the plurality of constellation symbols of the QAM constellation set (block 820). For example, the network node (e.g., using communication manager 150 and/or transmission component 1004, depicted in FIG. 10 ) may transmit, to the mobile station, an MLC configuration that indicates to perform the MLC set partitioning based at least in part on the phase noise or the power amplification associated with the plurality of constellation symbols of the QAM constellation set, as described above.

Process 800 may include additional aspects, such as any single aspect or any combination of aspects described below and/or in connection with one or more other processes described elsewhere herein.

In a first aspect, the QAM constellation set is associated with a discrete Fourier transform spread orthogonal frequency division multiplexing signal.

In a second aspect, alone or in combination with the first aspect, the MLC configuration indicates to perform the MLC set partitioning by partitioning the QAM constellation set into a plurality of constellation subsets using a least significant bit and based at least in part on the phase noise or the power amplification associated with the plurality of constellation symbols of the QAM constellation set.

In a third aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first and second aspects, the MLC configuration indicates to perform the MLC set partitioning by partitioning the QAM constellation into a first constellation subset that comprises a plurality of corner constellation symbols and a plurality of interior constellation symbols and a second constellation subset that comprises a plurality of edge constellation symbols.

In a fourth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through third aspects, the MLC configuration that indicates to perform the MLC set partitioning by partitioning the QAM constellation set into the first constellation subset and the second constellation subset indicates to partition the first constellation subset into a first plurality of other constellation subsets, and to partition the second constellation subset into a second plurality of other constellation subsets, based at least in part on a minimum Euclidian distance of the constellation symbols within the first constellation subset and the second constellation subset.

In a fifth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through fourth aspects, the MLC configuration indicates a first type of channel coding to be applied to the first constellation subset and the second constellation subset and a second type of channel coding to be applied to the first plurality of other constellation subsets and the second plurality of other constellation subsets.

In a sixth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through fifth aspects, the first type of channel coding has a lower coding rate than the second type of channel coding.

In a seventh aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through sixth aspects, the first type of channel coding is a low density parity check coding and the second type of channel coding is a Reed-Solomon coding.

In an eighth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through seventh aspects, the capability information indicates whether the mobile station is capable of performing the MLC set partitioning to reduce the non-linearity of the QAM constellation set.

In a ninth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through eighth aspects, process 800 includes receiving an indication of a modulation and coding scheme for which the MLC set partitioning is to be applied.

In a tenth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through ninth aspects, process 800 includes transmitting an indication of a modulation and coding scheme for which the MLC set partitioning is to be applied.

In an eleventh aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through tenth aspects, process 800 includes transmitting downlink control information that comprises an indication of the MLC configuration and a code rate that is to be used for the MLC set partitioning.

Although FIG. 8 shows example blocks of process 800, in some aspects, process 800 may include additional blocks, fewer blocks, different blocks, or differently arranged blocks than those depicted in FIG. 8 . Additionally, or alternatively, two or more of the blocks of process 800 may be performed in parallel.

FIG. 9 is a diagram of an example apparatus 900 for wireless communication, in accordance with the present disclosure. The apparatus 900 may be a mobile station, or a mobile station may include the apparatus 900. In some aspects, the apparatus 900 includes a reception component 902 and a transmission component 904, which may be in communication with one another (for example, via one or more buses and/or one or more other components). As shown, the apparatus 900 may communicate with another apparatus 906 (such as a UE, a base station, or another wireless communication device) using the reception component 902 and the transmission component 904. As further shown, the apparatus 900 may include the communication manager 140. The communication manager 140 may include one or more of an obtaining component 908 or a partitioning component 910, among other examples.

In some aspects, the apparatus 900 may be configured to perform one or more operations described herein in connection with FIGS. 6-7 . Additionally, or alternatively, the apparatus 900 may be configured to perform one or more processes described herein, such as process 700 of FIG. 7 . In some aspects, the apparatus 900 and/or one or more components shown in FIG. 9 may include one or more components of the mobile station described in connection with FIG. 2 . Additionally, or alternatively, one or more components shown in FIG. 9 may be implemented within one or more components described in connection with FIG. 2 . Additionally, or alternatively, one or more components of the set of components may be implemented at least in part as software stored in a memory. For example, a component (or a portion of a component) may be implemented as instructions or code stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium and executable by a controller or a processor to perform the functions or operations of the component.

The reception component 902 may receive communications, such as reference signals, control information, data communications, or a combination thereof, from the apparatus 906. The reception component 902 may provide received communications to one or more other components of the apparatus 900. In some aspects, the reception component 902 may perform signal processing on the received communications (such as filtering, amplification, demodulation, analog-to-digital conversion, demultiplexing, deinterleaving, de-mapping, equalization, interference cancellation, or decoding, among other examples), and may provide the processed signals to the one or more other components of the apparatus 900. In some aspects, the reception component 902 may include one or more antennas, a modem, a demodulator, a MIMO detector, a receive processor, a controller/processor, a memory, or a combination thereof, of the mobile station described in connection with FIG. 2 .

The transmission component 904 may transmit communications, such as reference signals, control information, data communications, or a combination thereof, to the apparatus 906. In some aspects, one or more other components of the apparatus 900 may generate communications and may provide the generated communications to the transmission component 904 for transmission to the apparatus 906. In some aspects, the transmission component 904 may perform signal processing on the generated communications (such as filtering, amplification, modulation, digital-to-analog conversion, multiplexing, interleaving, mapping, or encoding, among other examples), and may transmit the processed signals to the apparatus 906. In some aspects, the transmission component 904 may include one or more antennas, a modem, a modulator, a transmit MIMO processor, a transmit processor, a controller/processor, a memory, or a combination thereof, of the mobile station described in connection with FIG. 2 . In some aspects, the transmission component 904 may be co-located with the reception component 902 in a transceiver.

The obtaining component 908 may obtain an MLC configuration to be applied to a QAM constellation set comprising a plurality of constellation symbols and having a non-linearity that is based at least in part on a phase noise or a power amplification associated with the plurality of constellation symbols. The partitioning component 910 may process the QAM constellation set, using MLC set partitioning in accordance with the MLC configuration, based at least in part on the phase noise or the power amplification associated with the plurality of constellation symbols of the QAM constellation set.

The partitioning component 910 may partition the first constellation subset into a first plurality of other constellation subsets, and partition the second constellation subset into a second plurality of other constellation subsets, based at least in part on a minimum Euclidian distance of the constellation symbols within the first constellation subset and the second constellation subset.

The transmission component 904 may transmit capability information associated with the mobile station performing the MLC set partitioning. The transmission component 904 may transmit an indication of a phase noise non-linearity or a power amplification non-linearity. The transmission component 904 may transmit an indication of a modulation and coding scheme for which the MLC set partitioning is to be applied. The reception component 902 may receive an indication of a modulation and coding scheme for which the MLC set partitioning is to be applied. The reception component 902 may receive downlink control information that comprises an indication of the MLC configuration and a code rate that is to be used for the MLC set partitioning.

The number and arrangement of components shown in FIG. 9 are provided as an example. In practice, there may be additional components, fewer components, different components, or differently arranged components than those shown in FIG. 9 . Furthermore, two or more components shown in FIG. 9 may be implemented within a single component, or a single component shown in FIG. 9 may be implemented as multiple, distributed components. Additionally, or alternatively, a set of (one or more) components shown in FIG. 9 may perform one or more functions described as being performed by another set of components shown in FIG. 9 .

FIG. 10 is a diagram of an example apparatus 1000 for wireless communication, in accordance with the present disclosure. The apparatus 1000 may be a network node, or a network node may include the apparatus 1000. In some aspects, the apparatus 1000 includes a reception component 1002 and a transmission component 1004, which may be in communication with one another (for example, via one or more buses and/or one or more other components). As shown, the apparatus 1000 may communicate with another apparatus 1006 (such as a UE, a base station, or another wireless communication device) using the reception component 1002 and the transmission component 1004. As further shown, the apparatus 1000 may include the communication manager 150. The communication manager 150 may include a configuration component 1008, among other examples.

In some aspects, the apparatus 1000 may be configured to perform one or more operations described herein in connection with FIGS. 5-6 . Additionally, or alternatively, the apparatus 1000 may be configured to perform one or more processes described herein, such as process 800 of FIG. 8 . In some aspects, the apparatus 1000 and/or one or more components shown in FIG. 10 may include one or more components of the network node described in connection with FIG. 2 . Additionally, or alternatively, one or more components shown in FIG. 10 may be implemented within one or more components described in connection with FIG. 2 . Additionally, or alternatively, one or more components of the set of components may be implemented at least in part as software stored in a memory. For example, a component (or a portion of a component) may be implemented as instructions or code stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium and executable by a controller or a processor to perform the functions or operations of the component.

The reception component 1002 may receive communications, such as reference signals, control information, data communications, or a combination thereof, from the apparatus 1006. The reception component 1002 may provide received communications to one or more other components of the apparatus 1000. In some aspects, the reception component 1002 may perform signal processing on the received communications (such as filtering, amplification, demodulation, analog-to-digital conversion, demultiplexing, deinterleaving, de-mapping, equalization, interference cancellation, or decoding, among other examples), and may provide the processed signals to the one or more other components of the apparatus 1000. In some aspects, the reception component 1002 may include one or more antennas, a modem, a demodulator, a MIMO detector, a receive processor, a controller/processor, a memory, or a combination thereof, of the network node described in connection with FIG. 2 .

The transmission component 1004 may transmit communications, such as reference signals, control information, data communications, or a combination thereof, to the apparatus 1006. In some aspects, one or more other components of the apparatus 1000 may generate communications and may provide the generated communications to the transmission component 1004 for transmission to the apparatus 1006. In some aspects, the transmission component 1004 may perform signal processing on the generated communications (such as filtering, amplification, modulation, digital-to-analog conversion, multiplexing, interleaving, mapping, or encoding, among other examples), and may transmit the processed signals to the apparatus 1006. In some aspects, the transmission component 1004 may include one or more antennas, a modem, a modulator, a transmit MIMO processor, a transmit processor, a controller/processor, a memory, or a combination thereof, of the network node described in connection with FIG. 2 . In some aspects, the transmission component 1004 may be co-located with the reception component 1002 in a transceiver.

The reception component 1002 may receive, from a mobile station, capability information that indicates whether the mobile station is capable of performing MLC set partitioning for a QAM constellation set that comprises a plurality of constellation symbols and that has a non-linearity that is based at least in part on a phase noise or a power amplification associated with the plurality of constellation symbols. The transmission component 1004 and/or the configuration component 1008 may transmit, to the mobile station, an MLC configuration that indicates to perform the MLC set partitioning based at least in part on the phase noise or the power amplification associated with the plurality of constellation symbols of the QAM constellation set.

The reception component 1002 may receive an indication of a modulation and coding scheme for which the MLC set partitioning is to be applied. The transmission component 1004 may transmit an indication of a modulation and coding scheme for which the MLC set partitioning is to be applied. The transmission component 1004 may transmit downlink control information that comprises an indication of the MLC configuration and a code rate that is to be used for the MLC set partitioning.

The number and arrangement of components shown in FIG. 10 are provided as an example. In practice, there may be additional components, fewer components, different components, or differently arranged components than those shown in FIG. 10 . Furthermore, two or more components shown in FIG. 10 may be implemented within a single component, or a single component shown in FIG. 10 may be implemented as multiple, distributed components. Additionally, or alternatively, a set of (one or more) components shown in FIG. 10 may perform one or more functions described as being performed by another set of components shown in FIG. 10 .

The following provides an overview of some Aspects of the present disclosure:

Aspect 1: A method of wireless communication performed by a mobile station, comprising: obtaining, by the mobile station, a multi-level coding (MLC) configuration to be applied to a quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) constellation set comprising a plurality of constellation symbols and having a non-linearity that is based at least in part on a phase noise or a power amplification associated with the plurality of constellation symbols; and processing the QAM constellation set, using MLC set partitioning in accordance with the MLC configuration, based at least in part on the phase noise or the power amplification associated with the plurality of constellation symbols of the QAM constellation set.

Aspect 2: The method of Aspect 1, wherein the QAM constellation set is associated with a discrete Fourier transform spread orthogonal frequency division multiplexing signal.

Aspect 3: The method of any of Aspects 1-2, wherein processing the QAM constellation set comprises partitioning the QAM constellation set into a first constellation subset comprising a first portion of the constellation symbols and a second constellation subset comprising a second portion of the constellation symbols.

Aspect 4: The method of Aspect 3, wherein partitioning the QAM constellation set into the first constellation subset and the second constellation subset comprises partitioning the QAM constellation set into the first constellation subset and the second constellation subset using a least significant bit of the QAM constellation set and based at least in part on the phase noise or the power amplification associated with the plurality of constellation symbols of the QAM constellation set.

Aspect 5: The method of Aspect 3, wherein the plurality of constellation symbols comprises a plurality of corner constellation symbols that are located in a plurality of corners of the QAM constellation set, a plurality of interior constellation symbols that are located in an interior portion of the QAM constellation set, and a plurality of edge constellation symbols that are located in an edge portion of the QAM constellation set that does not comprise the corner constellation symbols, wherein the first constellation subset comprises the corner constellation symbols and the interior constellation symbols and the second constellation subset comprises the edge constellation symbols.

Aspect 6: The method of Aspect 3, further comprising partitioning the first constellation subset into a first plurality of other constellation subsets, and partitioning the second constellation subset into a second plurality of other constellation subsets, based at least in part on a minimum Euclidian distance of the constellation symbols within the first constellation subset and the second constellation subset.

Aspect 7: The method of Aspect 6, wherein the first constellation subset and the second constellation subset use a first type of channel coding, and the first plurality of other constellation subsets and the second plurality of other constellation subsets use a second type of channel coding.

Aspect 8: The method of Aspect 7, wherein the first type of channel coding has a lower coding rate than the second type of channel coding.

Aspect 9: The method of Aspect 7, wherein the first type of channel coding is a low density parity check coding and the second type of channel coding is a Reed-Solomon coding.

Aspect 10: The method of any of Aspects 1-9, further comprising transmitting capability information associated with the mobile station performing the MLC set partitioning.

Aspect 11: The method of Aspect 10, wherein the capability information further indicates whether the mobile station is capable of performing the MLC set partitioning to reduce the non-linearity of the QAM constellation set.

Aspect 12: The method of any of Aspects 1-11, further comprising transmitting an indication of a phase noise non-linearity or a power amplification non-linearity.

Aspect 13: The method of any of Aspects 1-12, further comprising transmitting an indication of a modulation and coding scheme for which the MLC set partitioning is to be applied.

Aspect 14: The method of any of Aspects 1-13, further comprising receiving an indication of a modulation and coding scheme for which the MLC set partitioning is to be applied.

Aspect 15: The method of any of Aspects 1-14, further comprising receiving downlink control information that comprises an indication of the MLC configuration and a code rate that is to be used for the MLC set partitioning.

Aspect 16: The method of any of Aspects 1-15, wherein the QAM constellation set is associated with a downlink wireless communication signal.

Aspect 17: The method of any of Aspects 1-16, wherein the QAM constellation set is associated with an uplink wireless communication signal.

Aspect 18: The method of any of Aspects 1-17, wherein the QAM constellation set is associated with a communication that is performed in a spectrum that is between 90 GHz and 300 GHz.

Aspect 19: A method of wireless communication performed by a network node, comprising: receiving, from a mobile station, capability information that indicates whether the mobile station is capable of performing multi-level coding (MLC) set partitioning for a quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) constellation set that comprises a plurality of constellation symbols and that has a non-linearity that is based at least in part on a phase noise or a power amplification associated with the plurality of constellation symbols; and transmitting, to the mobile station, an MLC configuration that indicates to perform the MLC set partitioning based at least in part on the phase noise or the power amplification associated with the plurality of constellation symbols of the QAM constellation set.

Aspect 20: The method of Aspect 19, wherein the QAM constellation set is associated with a discrete Fourier transform spread orthogonal frequency division multiplexing signal.

Aspect 21: The method of any of Aspects 19-20, wherein the MLC configuration indicates to perform the MLC set partitioning by partitioning the QAM constellation set into a plurality of constellation subsets using a least significant bit and based at least in part on the phase noise or the power amplification associated with the plurality of constellation symbols of the QAM constellation set.

Aspect 22: The method of any of Aspects 19-21, wherein the MLC configuration indicates to perform the MLC set partitioning by partitioning the QAM constellation into a first constellation subset that comprises a plurality of corner constellation symbols and a plurality of interior constellation symbols and a second constellation subset that comprises a plurality of edge constellation symbols.

Aspect 23: The method of Aspect 22, wherein the MLC configuration that indicates to perform the MLC set partitioning by partitioning the QAM constellation set into the first constellation subset and the second constellation subset indicates to partition the first constellation subset into a first plurality of other constellation subsets, and to partition the second constellation subset into a second plurality of other constellation subsets, based at least in part on a minimum Euclidian distance of the constellation symbols within the first constellation subset and the second constellation subset.

Aspect 24: The method of Aspect 23, wherein the MLC configuration indicates a first type of channel coding to be applied to the first constellation subset and the second constellation subset and a second type of channel coding to be applied to the first plurality of other constellation subsets and the second plurality of other constellation subsets.

Aspect 25: The method of Aspect 24, wherein the first type of channel coding has a lower coding rate than the second type of channel coding.

Aspect 26: The method of Aspect 24, wherein the first type of channel coding is a low density parity check coding and the second type of channel coding is a Reed-Solomon coding.

Aspect 27: The method of any of Aspects 19-26, wherein the capability information indicates whether the mobile station is capable of performing the MLC set partitioning to reduce the non-linearity of the QAM constellation set.

Aspect 28: The method of any of Aspects 19-27, further comprising receiving an indication of a modulation and coding scheme for which the MLC set partitioning is to be applied.

Aspect 29: The method of any of Aspects 19-28, further comprising transmitting an indication of a modulation and coding scheme for which the MLC set partitioning is to be applied.

Aspect 30: The method of any of Aspects 19-29, further comprising transmitting downlink control information that comprises an indication of the MLC configuration and a code rate that is to be used for the MLC set partitioning.

Aspect 31: An apparatus for wireless communication at a device, comprising a processor; memory coupled with the processor; and instructions stored in the memory and executable by the processor to cause the apparatus to perform the method of one or more of Aspects 1-18.

Aspect 32: A device for wireless communication, comprising a memory and one or more processors coupled to the memory, the one or more processors configured to perform the method of one or more of Aspects 1-18.

Aspect 33: An apparatus for wireless communication, comprising at least one means for performing the method of one or more of Aspects 1-18.

Aspect 34: A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing code for wireless communication, the code comprising instructions executable by a processor to perform the method of one or more of Aspects 1-18.

Aspect 35: A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing a set of instructions for wireless communication, the set of instructions comprising one or more instructions that, when executed by one or more processors of a device, cause the device to perform the method of one or more of Aspects 1-18.

Aspect 36: An apparatus for wireless communication at a device, comprising a processor; memory coupled with the processor; and instructions stored in the memory and executable by the processor to cause the apparatus to perform the method of one or more of Aspects 19-30.

Aspect 37: A device for wireless communication, comprising a memory and one or more processors coupled to the memory, the one or more processors configured to perform the method of one or more of Aspects 19-30.

Aspect 38: An apparatus for wireless communication, comprising at least one means for performing the method of one or more of Aspects 19-30.

Aspect 39: A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing code for wireless communication, the code comprising instructions executable by a processor to perform the method of one or more of Aspects 19-30.

Aspect 40: A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing a set of instructions for wireless communication, the set of instructions comprising one or more instructions that, when executed by one or more processors of a device, cause the device to perform the method of one or more of Aspects 19-30.

The foregoing disclosure provides illustration and description but is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the aspects to the precise forms disclosed. Modifications and variations may be made in light of the above disclosure or may be acquired from practice of the aspects.

As used herein, the term “component” is intended to be broadly construed as hardware and/or a combination of hardware and software. “Software” shall be construed broadly to mean instructions, instruction sets, code, code segments, program code, programs, subprograms, software modules, applications, software applications, software packages, routines, subroutines, objects, executables, threads of execution, procedures, and/or functions, among other examples, whether referred to as software, firmware, middleware, microcode, hardware description language, or otherwise. As used herein, a “processor” is implemented in hardware and/or a combination of hardware and software. It will be apparent that systems and/or methods described herein may be implemented in different forms of hardware and/or a combination of hardware and software. The actual specialized control hardware or software code used to implement these systems and/or methods is not limiting of the aspects. Thus, the operation and behavior of the systems and/or methods are described herein without reference to specific software code, since those skilled in the art will understand that software and hardware can be designed to implement the systems and/or methods based, at least in part, on the description herein.

As used herein, “satisfying a threshold” may, depending on the context, refer to a value being greater than the threshold, greater than or equal to the threshold, less than the threshold, less than or equal to the threshold, equal to the threshold, not equal to the threshold, or the like.

Even though particular combinations of features are recited in the claims and/or disclosed in the specification, these combinations are not intended to limit the disclosure of various aspects. Many of these features may be combined in ways not specifically recited in the claims and/or disclosed in the specification. The disclosure of various aspects includes each dependent claim in combination with every other claim in the claim set. As used herein, a phrase referring to “at least one of” a list of items refers to any combination of those items, including single members. As an example, “at least one of: a, b, or c” is intended to cover a, b, c, a+b, a+c, b+c, and a+b+c, as well as any combination with multiples of the same element (e.g., a+a, a+a+a, a+a+b, a+a+c, a+b+b, a+c+c, b+b, b+b+b, b+b+c, c+c, and c+c+c, or any other ordering of a, b, and c).

No element, act, or instruction used herein should be construed as critical or essential unless explicitly described as such. Also, as used herein, the articles “a” and “an” are intended to include one or more items and may be used interchangeably with “one or more.” Further, as used herein, the article “the” is intended to include one or more items referenced in connection with the article “the” and may be used interchangeably with “the one or more.” Furthermore, as used herein, the terms “set” and “group” are intended to include one or more items and may be used interchangeably with “one or more.” Where only one item is intended, the phrase “only one” or similar language is used. Also, as used herein, the terms “has,” “have,” “having,” or the like are intended to be open-ended terms that do not limit an element that they modify (e.g., an element “having” A may also have B). Further, the phrase “based on” is intended to mean “based, at least in part, on” unless explicitly stated otherwise. Also, as used herein, the term “or” is intended to be inclusive when used in a series and may be used interchangeably with “and/or,” unless explicitly stated otherwise (e.g., if used in combination with “either” or “only one of”). 

What is claimed is:
 1. An apparatus for wireless communication at a mobile station, comprising: a memory; and one or more processors configured to, based at least in part on information stored in the memory: obtain a multi-level coding (MLC) configuration to be applied to a quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) constellation set comprising a plurality of constellation symbols and having a non-linearity that is based at least in part on a phase noise or a power amplification associated with the plurality of constellation symbols; and process the QAM constellation set, using MLC set partitioning in accordance with the MLC configuration, based at least in part on the phase noise or the power amplification associated with the plurality of constellation symbols of the QAM constellation set.
 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the QAM constellation set is associated with a discrete Fourier transform spread orthogonal frequency division multiplexing signal.
 3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the one or more processors, to process the QAM constellation set, are configured to partition the QAM constellation set into a first constellation subset comprising a first portion of the constellation symbols and a second constellation subset comprising a second portion of the constellation symbols.
 4. The apparatus of claim 3, wherein the one or more processors, to partition the QAM constellation set into the first constellation subset and the second constellation subset, are configured to partition the QAM constellation set into the first constellation subset and the second constellation subset using a least significant bit of the QAM constellation set and based at least in part on the phase noise or the power amplification associated with the plurality of constellation symbols of the QAM constellation set.
 5. The apparatus of claim 3, wherein the plurality of constellation symbols comprises a plurality of corner constellation symbols that are located in a plurality of corners of the QAM constellation set, a plurality of interior constellation symbols that are located in an interior portion of the QAM constellation set, and a plurality of edge constellation symbols that are located in an edge portion of the QAM constellation set that does not comprise the corner constellation symbols, wherein the first constellation subset comprises the corner constellation symbols and the interior constellation symbols and the second constellation subset comprises the edge constellation symbols.
 6. The apparatus of claim 3, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to partition the first constellation subset into a first plurality of other constellation subsets, and partition the second constellation subset into a second plurality of other constellation subsets, based at least in part on a minimum Euclidian distance of the constellation symbols within the first constellation subset and the second constellation subset.
 7. The apparatus of claim 6, wherein the first constellation subset and the second constellation subset use a first type of channel coding, and the first plurality of other constellation subsets and the second plurality of other constellation subsets use a second type of channel coding.
 8. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein the first type of channel coding has a lower coding rate than the second type of channel coding.
 9. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to transmit capability information associated with the mobile station performing the MLC set partitioning.
 10. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the capability information further indicates whether the mobile station is capable of performing the MLC set partitioning to reduce the non-linearity of the QAM constellation set.
 11. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to transmit an indication of a phase noise non-linearity or a power amplification non-linearity.
 12. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to transmit an indication of a modulation and coding scheme for which the MLC set partitioning is to be applied.
 13. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to receive an indication of a modulation and coding scheme for which the MLC set partitioning is to be applied.
 14. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to receive downlink control information that comprises an indication of the MLC configuration and a code rate that is to be used for the MLC set partitioning.
 15. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the QAM constellation set is associated with a communication that is performed in a spectrum that is between 90 GHz and 300 GHz.
 16. An apparatus for wireless communication at a network node, comprising: a memory; and one or more processors configured to, based at least in part on information stored in the memory: receive, from a mobile station, capability information that indicates whether the mobile station is capable of performing multi-level coding (MLC) set partitioning for a quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) constellation set that comprises a plurality of constellation symbols and that has a non-linearity that is based at least in part on a phase noise or a power amplification associated with the plurality of constellation symbols; and transmit, to the mobile station, an MLC configuration that indicates to perform the MLC set partitioning based at least in part on the phase noise or the power amplification associated with the plurality of constellation symbols of the QAM constellation set.
 17. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein the QAM constellation set is associated with a discrete Fourier transform spread orthogonal frequency division multiplexing signal.
 18. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein the MLC configuration indicates to perform the MLC set partitioning by partitioning the QAM constellation set into a plurality of constellation subsets using a least significant bit and based at least in part on the phase noise or the power amplification associated with the plurality of constellation symbols of the QAM constellation set.
 19. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein the MLC configuration indicates to perform the MLC set partitioning by partitioning the QAM constellation into a first constellation subset that comprises a plurality of corner constellation symbols and a plurality of interior constellation symbols and a second constellation subset that comprises a plurality of edge constellation symbols.
 20. The apparatus of claim 19, wherein the MLC configuration that indicates to perform the MLC set partitioning by partitioning the QAM constellation set into the first constellation subset and the second constellation subset indicates to partition the first constellation subset into a first plurality of other constellation subsets, and to partition the second constellation subset into a second plurality of other constellation subsets, based at least in part on a minimum Euclidian distance of the constellation symbols within the first constellation subset and the second constellation subset.
 21. The apparatus of claim 20, wherein the MLC configuration indicates a first type of channel coding to be applied to the first constellation subset and the second constellation subset and a second type of channel coding to be applied to the first plurality of other constellation subsets and the second plurality of other constellation subsets.
 22. The apparatus of claim 21, wherein the first type of channel coding has a lower coding rate than the second type of channel coding.
 23. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein the capability information indicates whether the mobile station is capable of performing the MLC set partitioning to reduce the non-linearity of the QAM constellation set.
 24. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to receive an indication of a modulation and coding scheme for which the MLC set partitioning is to be applied.
 25. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to transmit an indication of a modulation and coding scheme for which the MLC set partitioning is to be applied.
 26. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to transmit downlink control information that comprises an indication of the MLC configuration and a code rate that is to be used for the MLC set partitioning.
 27. A method of wireless communication performed by a mobile station, comprising: obtaining, by the mobile station, a multi-level coding (MLC) configuration to be applied to a quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) constellation set comprising a plurality of constellation symbols and having a non-linearity that is based at least in part on a phase noise or a power amplification associated with the plurality of constellation symbols; and processing the QAM constellation set, using MLC set partitioning in accordance with the MLC configuration, based at least in part on the phase noise or the power amplification associated with the plurality of constellation symbols of the QAM constellation set.
 28. The method of claim 27, wherein processing the QAM constellation set comprises partitioning the QAM constellation set into a first constellation subset comprising a first portion of the constellation symbols and a second constellation subset comprising a second portion of the constellation symbols based at least in part on the phase noise or the power amplification associated with the plurality of constellation symbols of the QAM constellation set.
 29. A method of wireless communication performed by a network node, comprising: receiving, from a mobile station, capability information that indicates whether the mobile station is capable of performing multi-level coding (MLC) set partitioning for a quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) constellation set that comprises a plurality of constellation symbols and that has a non-linearity that is based at least in part on a phase noise or a power amplification associated with the plurality of constellation symbols; and transmitting, to the mobile station, an MLC configuration that indicates to perform the MLC set partitioning based at least in part on the phase noise or the power amplification associated with the plurality of constellation symbols of the QAM constellation set.
 30. The method of claim 29, wherein the MLC configuration indicates to perform the MLC set partitioning by partitioning the QAM constellation set into a plurality of constellation subsets based at least in part on the phase noise or the power amplification associated with the plurality of constellation symbols of the QAM constellation set. 